Written at the height of the purges, but unpublished for decades, Megrelidze’s text is arguably the most significant, erudite and wide-ranging work of Marxist philosophy written in the USSR at the time. Discussing the emergence and development of human consciousness from the origins of humanity to the rise of capitalism, Megrelidze discusses the major achievements of contemporary cognitive science, sociology, philosophy and linguistics in the light of the works of Marx and Engels that were being published at the time. Far from the rigidities of official ‘diamat’, the book illuminates the important debates in Soviet intellectual life that led to the works of figures such as Vygotsky and members of the ‘Bakhtin Circle’.